Client-Server Architecture is one of the most fundamental software design models that revolutionized computing. It laid the groundwork for modern distributed systems, enabling scalable, efficient, and maintainable applications. In this blog post, we will explore what Client-Server Architecture is, its key components, benefits, common patterns, real-world applications, and challenges. What is Client-Server Architecture? Client-Server Architecture is a computing model where a client requests services or data from a server over a network. The client is the user-facing part of the application, while the server provides services, processes data, and manages resources. ...

Software architecture has undergone continuous evolution to address scalability, maintainability, and performance challenges. One of the most foundational architectures in this journey is Monolithic Architecture—a model where an entire application is built as a single, tightly integrated unit. While monoliths have served as the backbone of software development for decades, they come with their own set of advantages and challenges. Let’s dive deep into this architectural style. What is Monolithic Architecture? A monolithic architecture is a traditional software development approach where all components of an application are tightly coupled and contained within a single codebase. This includes the user interface, business logic, and database interactions, all packed into one large executable or deployable unit. ...

We’ll explore the foundational stages of this evolution, starting with Structured Programming, Object-Oriented Programming, Component-Based Software Engineering, and Monolithic Architecture. 1. Structured Programming: The Early Epoch Structured programming was one of the earliest methodologies for organizing code, emerging in the 1960s and 1970s. Before this, software development was often chaotic, with tangled codebases that resembled a bowl of spaghetti—hence the term “spaghetti code.” Key Characteristics: Top-Down Approach: Programs are broken into small, manageable procedures or functions. Control Structures: Use of loops (for, while), conditionals (if-else), and function calls to structure logic. Reduced Complexity: Code is more readable, maintainable, and easier to debug compared to unstructured programming. Advantages: ✅ Improved readability and maintainability. ✅ Reduced chances of errors due to clear control flow. ✅ Encouraged modularity by dividing tasks into reusable functions. ...

When working with a large FastAPI project, organizing your code into packages and using a modular file structure helps in maintaining scalability, readability, and ease of collaboration. package structure for a large FastAPI project: 1. Directory Structure my_fastapi_project/ │ ├── app/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── main.py # Main FastAPI application │ ├── models/ # Pydantic and ORM models │ │ ├── __init__.py │ │ └── movie.py # Movie model definition │ ├── api/ # API endpoints │ │ ├── __init__.py │ │ ├── v1/ # Versioned API (v1) │ │ │ ├── __init__.py │ │ │ └── movies.py # Endpoints for movies │ ├── core/ # Core settings, config, database connection, etc. │ │ ├── __init__.py │ │ └── config.py # Settings configuration │ ├── services/ # Business logic and services │ │ ├── __init__.py │ │ └── movie_service.py # Logic for movie-related actions │ └── db/ # Database-related files │ ├── __init__.py │ └── database.py # DB connection setup ├── tests/ # Test files │ ├── __init__.py │ └── test_movies.py # Test cases for movies API ├── .env # Environment variables ├── requirements.txt # Python dependencies └── README.md # Project documentation 2. Explanation of Directories and Files app/main.py: The entry point for your FastAPI application. This file initializes the app and includes middleware, routers, and other configurations. app/models/: Contains Pydantic models and ORM models (if you’re using a database like SQLAlchemy or Tortoise ORM). movie.py defines the Movie model, which might be a Pydantic schema or an ORM model. app/api/: Contains all the API routes organized by version (e.g., v1, v2). Inside each version, the routes are further organized by feature or resource. movies.py handles all the endpoints related to movies in version 1 of the API (e.g., /v1/movies/). app/core/: Contains application-wide settings, configurations, constants, and utilities. config.py manages application configurations like environment variables, API settings, etc. app/services/: Contains business logic and services related to different features of the application. movie_service.py might contain functions that handle complex business logic, such as interacting with the database, performing calculations, or managing caching, related to movies. app/db/: Handles database-related configurations and connection management. database.py manages the database connection setup, ORM initialization, and session handling. tests/: Contains unit and integration tests for your API, models, and services. test_movies.py contains test cases to ensure the correct functioning of movie-related API endpoints.

In a Spring Boot application, managing HTTP requests and responses is critical for implementing cross-cutting concerns such as logging, security, and authentication. Interceptors and Filters provide two key mechanisms for this purpose. Additionally, you might need to specify the order in which these interceptors and filters are executed to ensure the correct flow of operations. In this post, we’ll walk through how to create both a custom Interceptor and a custom Filter in Spring Boot, and how to define the order in which they should be executed. ...

We will cover everything you need to know about heap fragmentation, including why it happens, its impact, how to control it, and how different JVM versions handle it, along with JVM options to manage fragmentation. What is Heap Fragmentation? Heap fragmentation occurs when the free memory in the heap is split into small, scattered blocks. This fragmentation makes it difficult for a program to allocate large chunks of memory, even if the total free memory is adequate. ...

When working with Java, two commonly used data structures are HashMap and HashSet. These collections are highly efficient, but their efficiency relies on how they handle internal operations, especially when it comes to collisions. This blog will explain the internal workings of HashMap and HashSet in simple terms and provide examples to help you understand how they manage collisions. What is a HashMap? A HashMap is a data structure that stores key-value pairs. It allows you to store data in a way that lets you quickly retrieve the value associated with a specific key. The keys in a HashMap must be unique. ...

The Singleton Design Pattern ensures that a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it. To achieve thread safety, reflection safety, and serialization safety, you need to handle specific concerns. Let’s explore how to implement a Singleton pattern that addresses these concerns. Key Concepts: Thread Safety: Ensures that the Singleton instance is created in a thread-safe manner, so multiple threads do not create multiple instances. Reflection Safety: Ensures that the Singleton instance cannot be created using reflection, which can bypass the singleton restriction. Serialization Safety: Ensures that the Singleton instance remains a single instance even after deserialization. Implementation Here’s a Singleton implementation that addresses these concerns: ...

The Prototype Design Pattern is a creational pattern that involves creating new objects by copying an existing object, known as the prototype. This pattern is useful when the cost of creating a new object is more expensive than copying an existing one. It allows you to create objects without specifying their exact class and provides a way to clone objects efficiently. Components of the Prototype Design Pattern: Prototype: An interface or abstract class that declares a clone() method for copying itself. ConcretePrototype: Implements the Prototype interface and provides the implementation for the clone() method. Client: Uses the clone() method to create new instances of objects. Simple Example: Let’s create a simple example where we have a Shape interface with a clone() method. We will implement concrete prototypes like Circle and Rectangle that can be cloned. ...

The Factory Design Pattern is a creational pattern that provides a way to create objects without specifying the exact class of the object that will be created. It defines an interface for creating an object, but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created. Components of the Factory Design Pattern: Product: The interface or abstract class that defines the type of object to be created. ConcreteProduct: Implements the Product interface and defines the specific object to be created. Creator: The interface or abstract class that declares the factory method for creating Product objects. ConcreteCreator: Implements the Creator interface and overrides the factory method to return an instance of ConcreteProduct. Simple Example: Let’s create a simple example where we have a Vehicle interface, and concrete implementations like Car and Bike. We will use a factory to create instances of these vehicles. ...